English Grammar in Use - Interactive Course

STUDY GUIDE Diagnostic Test 16 sections

Study Guide - Find Your Weak Areas

This guide helps you decide which units you need to study. The questions are grouped by topic (Present and past, Articles and nouns etc.) in the same way as the Contents.

Choose the correct alternative for each sentence. Check each section to see your score. If you're not sure which answer is correct, you probably need to study the unit(s) shown on the right. In some sentences more than one alternative is possible.

16 sections - 180 questions - work through at your own pace.

SECTION 1: Present and past

Choose the correct alternative. [Units 1-6]

1.1 I didn't like this city at first, but now I _____ to enjoy living here. A 'm starting / B start [1, 3]

1.2 I can't understand this word. What _____ ? A does mean this word / B does this word mean / C means this word [2, 49]

1.3 Robert _____ away two or three times a year. A is going usually / B is usually going / C usually goes / D goes usually [2, 3, 110]

1.4 How _____ now? Better than before? A you are feeling / B do you feel / C are you feeling [4]

1.5 It was a boring weekend. I _____ anything. A didn't / B don't do / C didn't do [5]

1.6 Matt _____ while we were having dinner. A phoned / B was phoning / C has phoned [6, 14]

SECTION 2: Present perfect and past

Choose the correct alternative. [Units 7-18]

2.1 James is on holiday. He _____ to Italy. A is gone / B has gone / C has been [7]

2.2 Everything is going well. There _____ any problems so far. A weren't / B have been / C haven't been [8]

2.3 Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this _____. A has happened / B happens / C happened / D is happening [8]

2.4 Why are you out of breath? _____? A Are you running / B Have you run / C Have you been running [9]

2.5 Where's the book I gave you? What _____ with it? A have you done / B have you been doing / C are you doing [10]

2.6 'How long _____ Jane?' 'A long time. Since we were at school.' A do you know / B have you known / C have you been knowing [11, 10]

2.7 Sally has been working here _____. A for six months / B since six months / C six months ago / D six months [12]

2.8 It's two years _____ Joe. A that I don't see / B that I haven't seen / C since I didn't see / D since I last saw [12]

2.9 It _____ raining for a while, but now it's raining again. A stopped / B has stopped / C was stopped [13]

2.10 My mother _____ in Italy. A grew up / B has grown up / C had grown up [13]

2.11 _____ a lot of sweets when you were a child? A Have you eaten / B Had you eaten / C Did you eat [14]

2.12 Jack _____ in New York for ten years. Now he lives in Los Angeles. A lived / B has lived / C has been living [14, 11]

2.13 The people on the plane were nervous. They _____ before. A haven't flown / B didn't fly / C hadn't flown / D 'd never flown / E weren't flying [15]

2.14 Katherine was on the sofa. She was tired because _____ very hard. A she was working / B she's been working / C she'd been working [16]

2.15 _____ a car when you were living in Paris? A Had you / B Were you having / C Have you had / D Did you have [17, 14]

2.16 I _____ tennis a lot, but I don't play very much now. A was playing / B was used to play / C used to play [18]

SECTION 3: Future

Choose the correct alternative. [Units 19-25]

3.1 I'm tired. _____ to bed now. Goodnight. A I go / B I'm going [19]

3.2 _____ tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere. A I'm not working / B I don't work / C I won't work [19, 21]

3.3 That bag looks heavy. _____ you with it. A I'm helping / B I help / C I'll help [21]

3.4 I think the weather _____ nice later. A will be / B is / C is going to be / D shall be [23, 22]

3.5 'Anna is in hospital.' 'Yes, I know. _____ her this evening.' A I visit / B I'm going to visit / C I'll visit [23, 20]

3.6 We're late. The film _____ by the time we get to the cinema. A will already start / B will be already started / C will already have started [24]

3.7 Don't worry _____ late tonight. A if I'm / B when I'm / C when I'll be / D if I'll be [25]

SECTION 4: Modals

Choose the correct alternative. [Units 26-37]

4.1 The fire spread quickly, but everybody _____ from the building. A was able to escape / B managed to escape / C could escape [26]

4.2 I'm so tired I _____ for a week. A can sleep / B could sleep / C could have slept [27]

4.3 The story _____ be true, but I don't think it is. A might / B can / C could / D may [27, 29]

4.4 Why did you stay at a hotel? You _____ with me. A can stay / B could stay / C could have stayed [27]

4.5 I lost one of my gloves. I _____ it somewhere. A must drop / B must have dropped / C must be dropping [28]

4.6 'Why wasn't Amy at the meeting?' 'She _____ about it.' A might not know / B may not know / C might not have known / D may not have known [29]

4.7 What _____ to get a new driving licence? A have I to do / B do I have to do / C I must do / D I have to [31]

4.8 We have plenty of time. We _____ hurry. A don't need to / B mustn't / C needn't [32]

4.9 You missed a great party last night. You _____. Why didn't you? A must have come / B should have come / C ought to have come / D had to come [33]

4.10 Jane won the lottery. I suggested _____ a car with the money she won. A that she buy / B that she should buy / C her to buy [34]

4.11 You're always at home. You _____ out more often. A should go / B had better go / C had better to go [35]

4.12 It's late. It's time _____ home. A we go / B we must go / C we should go / D we went / E to go [35]

4.13 _____ a little longer, but I really have to go now. A I'd stay / B I'll stay / C I can stay / D I'd have stayed [36]

SECTIONS 5-16: Coming soon

Sections 5-16 will be added as more units are built

The remaining sections cover: if and wish (5), Passive (6), Reported speech (7), Questions (8), -ing and to (9), Articles and nouns (10), Pronouns and determiners (11), Relative clauses (12), Adjectives and adverbs (13), Conjunctions and prepositions (14), Prepositions (15), Phrasal verbs (16).

These sections will appear automatically as the course grows.

SECTION 12: Relative clauses

Choose the correct alternative. [Units 92-97]

12.1 I don't like stories _____ have unhappy endings. A that / B they / C which / D who [92]

12.2 I didn't believe them at first, but in fact everything _____ was true. A they said / B that they said / C what they said [93]

12.3 We helped some people _____. A their car had broken down / B which car had broken down / C whose car had broken down [94]

12.4 Anna told me about her new job, _____ a lot. A that she's enjoying / B which she's enjoying / C she's enjoying [95]

12.5 Sarah couldn't meet us, _____ was a shame. A that / B it / C what / D which [96]

12.6 George showed me some pictures _____ by his father. A painting / B painted / C that were painted / D they were painted [97, 92]

UNIT 1 Present continuous I am doing

Present continuous (I am doing)

A - Form: am/is/are + -ing

I	am	driving working doing etc.
he/she/it	is
we/you/they	are

Sarah is in her car. She's driving to work. (= She is driving)

B - I am doing something = I started doing it, I haven't finished; I'm in the middle of doing it.

Please don't make so much noise. I'm trying to work. (not I try)

Let's go out now. It isn't raining any more.

How's your new job? Are you enjoying it?

C - today / this week / this year (periods around now)

You're working hard today. (not You work hard today)

The company I work for isn't doing so well this year.

D - Changes happening around now

Is your English getting better?

The population of the world is increasing very fast.

We often use: getting, becoming, starting, beginning, changing, improving, increasing, rising, falling, growing

Choose the correct form.

REMEMBER

1 Please be quiet. I 'm trying / try to concentrate.

2 Look! It 's snowing / snows.

3 Why are you wearing / do you wear a coat? It's not cold.

4 The population of the world is increasing / increases very fast.

5 Excuse me, I 'm looking / look for the station. Can you help?

Write questions. Use the present continuous.

APPLY

Example: (what / happen?) What's happening?

2 (why / you / cry?)

3 (she / work / today?)

4 (what / you / do / these days?)

5 (what / she / study?)

6 (what / they / do?)

7 (you / enjoy / it?)

8 (why / you / walk / so fast?)

Put the verb into the correct form, positive (I'm doing) or negative (I'm not doing).

APPLY

Example: Please don't make so much noise. I'm trying (I / try) to work.

3 You can turn off the radio. _____ (I / listen) to it.

4 Kate phoned last night. She's on holiday with friends. _____ (She / have) a great time.

5 Andrew started evening classes recently. _____ (He / learn) Japanese.

6 Paul and Sarah have had an argument and now _____ (they / speak) to one another.

7 The situation is already very bad and now _____ (it / get) worse.

8 Tim _____ (work) today. He's taken the day off.

9 _____ (I / look) for Sophie. Do you know where she is?

10 The washing machine has been repaired. _____ (It / work) now.

UNIT 2 Present simple I do

Present simple (I do)

A - Form

I/we/you/they	drive/work/do	etc.
he/she/it	drives/works/does	etc.

B - Use: things in general or things that happen repeatedly

Nurses look after patients in hospitals.

The earth goes round the sun.

The cafe opens at 7.30 in the morning.

C - do/does for questions and negatives

Do you come from Canada?

What does this word mean?

Rice doesn't grow in cold climates.

D - How often we do things

I get up at 8 o'clock every morning.

How often do you go to the dentist?

Complete the sentences using these verbs: cause(s) close(s) connect(s) go(es) live(s) speak(s) take(s)

APPLY

2 Ben and Jack _____ to the same school.

3 Bad driving _____ many accidents.

4 The museum _____ at 4 o'clock on Sundays.

5 My parents _____ in a very small flat.

6 The Olympic Games _____ place every four years.

7 The Panama Canal _____ the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Complete using these verbs. Sometimes you need the negative: believe eat flow go grow make rise tell translate

APPLY

3 The sun _____ in the east.

4 Bees _____ honey.

5 Vegetarians _____ meat.

6 An atheist _____ in God.

7 An interpreter _____ from one language into another.

8 Liars are people who _____ the truth.

9 The River Amazon _____ into the Atlantic Ocean.

Complete using: I agree / I apologise / I insist / I promise / I recommend / I suggest

APPLY

2 I won't tell anybody what you said. _____.

3 (in a restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal. _____.

4 _____ for what I said. I shouldn't have said it.

5 The new restaurant in Baker Street is very good. _____ it.

6 I think you're absolutely right. _____ with you.

UNIT 3 Present continuous and present simple 1

Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and I do)

Present continuous (I am doing)

For things happening now or around now (temporary).

The water is boiling. Be careful.

I'm living with some friends until I find a place.

Present simple (I do)

For things in general or that happen repeatedly (permanent).

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

My parents live in London.

I always do and I'm always doing

I always go to work by car. (= I do it every time)

I'm always losing my keys. (= I do it too often - complaining!)

Are the underlined verbs OK? Write OK or correct them.

ANALYZE

3 Ben tries to find a job, but he hasn't had any luck yet.

4 Martina is phoning her mother every day.

5 The moon goes round the earth in about 27 days.

6 Can you hear those people? What do they talk about?

7 What do you do in your spare time?

8 Sarah is a vegetarian. She doesn't eat meat.

9 I must go now. It gets late.

10 'Come on! It's time to leave.' 'OK, I'm coming.'

Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.

APPLY

2 Julia is good at languages. _____ (She / speak) four languages very well.

3 Are you ready yet? _____ (Everybody / wait) for you.

4 I've never heard this word. How _____ (you / pronounce) it?

5 Kate _____ (not / work) this week. She's on holiday.

6 I think my English _____ (improve) slowly. It's better than it was.

7 Nicola _____ (live) in Manchester. She has never lived anywhere else.

8 Can we stop walking soon? _____ (I / start) to get tired.

Finish B's sentences. Use always -ing.

APPLY

Example: A: You're late again. / B: You're always losing your keys.

2 A: The car has broken down again. / B: That car is useless. It _____.

3 A: Look! You've made the same mistake again. / B: Oh no, not again! I _____.

4 A: Oh, I've left my phone at home again. / B: Typical! You _____.

UNIT 4 Present continuous and present simple 2 Stative verbs

Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and I do)

A - Verbs NOT normally used in continuous

like want need prefer know realise understand believe suppose remember mean belong fit contain consist seem

I want something to eat. (not I'm wanting)

B - think

I think Mary is Canadian. (= believe - simple)

I'm thinking about what happened. (= considering - continuous OK)

C - see/hear/smell/taste/look/feel

This soup doesn't taste very good. (simple)

You look well today. or You're looking well today. (both OK)

Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.

APPLY

2 Alan says he's 90 years old, but nobody _____ (believe) him.

3 She told me her name, but _____ (I / not / remember) it now.

4 Don't put the dictionary away. _____ (I / use) it.

5 Don't put the dictionary away. _____ (I / need) it.

6 Air _____ (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.

7 Who is that man? What _____ (he / want)?

8 Who is that man? Why _____ (he / look) at us?

9 Who is that man? _____ (you / recognise) him?

10 _____ (I / think) of selling my car. Would you be interested?

11 I can't make up my mind. What _____ (you / think) I should do?

12 Gary wasn't well earlier, but _____ (he / seem) OK now.

Are the underlined verbs OK? Write OK or correct them.

ANALYZE

3 I'm feeling hungry. Is there anything to eat?

4 I've never eaten that fruit. What is it tasting like?

5 I'm not sure what she does. I think she works in a shop.

6 Look over there. What are you seeing?

7 You're very quiet. What are you thinking about?

Complete the sentences. Use is/are being (continuous) or is/are (simple).

APPLY

2 You'll like Sophie when you meet her. She _____ very nice.

3 Sarah _____ very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why.

4 They _____ very happy. They've just got married.

5 You're normally very patient, so why _____ so unreasonable about waiting ten more minutes?

6 Would you like something to eat? _____ hungry?

UNIT 5 Past simple I did

Past simple (I did)

A - Regular verbs: + ed

I worked in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store.

They invited us to their party, but we decided not to go.

B - Irregular verbs

write -> wrote, see -> saw, go -> went, shut -> shut

Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music.

C - Questions and negatives: did/didn't + infinitive

Did you enjoy the party? / I didn't buy anything.

What did you do at the weekend?

D - The past of be: was/were

I/he/she/it was / we/you/they were

Complete the sentences using these verbs in the correct form: buy catch cost fall hurt sell spend teach throw write

APPLY

2 'How did you learn to drive?' 'My father _____ me.'

3 We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we _____ it.

4 Dave _____ down the stairs this morning and _____ his leg.

5 Joe _____ the ball to Sue, who _____ it.

6 Kate _____ a lot of money yesterday. She _____ a dress which _____ $100.

Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.

APPLY

3 I knew Sarah was busy, so I _____ (disturb) her.

4 We were very tired, so we _____ (leave) the party early.

5 It was hard carrying the bags. They _____ (be) really heavy.

6 The bed was very uncomfortable. I _____ (sleep) well.

7 This watch wasn't expensive. It _____ (cost) much.

8 The window was open and a bird _____ (fly) into the room.

9 I was in a hurry, so I _____ (have) time to call you.

10 I didn't like the hotel. The room _____ (be) very clean.

Write questions. You are asking James about his holiday in the US.

APPLY

2 JAMES: To the US. We went on a trip from San Francisco to Denver. / YOU: Where _____?

3 JAMES: Yes, we hired a car in San Francisco. / YOU: How _____ ? By car?

4 JAMES: Two weeks. We stopped at a lot of places along the way. / YOU: How long _____?

5 JAMES: Yes, small hotels or motels. / YOU: Where _____ ? In hotels?

6 JAMES: Yes, but it was very hot - sometimes too hot. / YOU: _____ good?

7 JAMES: Of course. It was wonderful. / YOU: _____ the Grand Canyon?

UNIT 6 Past continuous I was doing

Past continuous (I was doing)

A - Form: was/were + -ing

he/she/it	was	playing, doing, working etc.
we/you/they	were	playing, doing, working etc.

I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing it at a certain time.

I was doing (= in the middle)

We were walking home when I met Dan.

Kate was watching TV when we arrived.

I did (= complete action)

We walked home after the party last night.

Kate watched TV a lot when she was ill.

D - Something happened (simple) while something else was happening (continuous)

Matt phoned while we were having dinner.

It was raining when I got up.

Complete the sentences. Choose from: was looking / was snowing / was wearing / was working / wasn't listening / weren't looking / were sitting / were you going

APPLY

2 'What did he say?' 'I don't know. I _____ .'

3 We _____ at the back of the theatre. We couldn't hear very well.

4 This time last year Steve _____ on a farm.

5 They didn't see me. They _____ in my direction.

6 The weather was bad. It was very cold and it _____.

7 I saw you in your car. Where _____?

8 I saw Kate a few minutes ago. She _____ for you.

Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

APPLY

Example: Jenny was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive).

2 'What _____ (you / do) at this yesterday?' 'I was asleep.'

3 '_____ (you / go) out last night?' 'No, I was too tired.'

4 How fast _____ (you / drive) when the accident _____ (happen)?

5 Sam _____ (take) a picture of me while I _____ (not / look).

9 When I was young, I _____ (want) to be a pilot. Later I _____ (change) my mind.

10 Last night I _____ (drop) a plate when I _____ (do) the washing up. Fortunately it _____ (not / break).

Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

APPLY

6 We were in a very difficult position. We _____ (not / know) what to do, so we did nothing.

7 I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last _____ (see) him, he was trying to find a job.

8a I _____ (walk) along the street when suddenly I heard something behind me.

8b Somebody _____ (follow) me. I was scared and I started to run.

UNIT 7Present perfect 1I have done

Present perfect 1 (I have done)

A - Form: have/has + past participle

I/we/they/you	have	(= I've etc.)	finished, lost, done, been etc.
he/she/it	has	(= he's etc.)	finished, lost, done, been etc.

Tom can't find his key. He has lost his key. (= He lost it and he doesn't have it now)

B - gone (to) and been (to)

James has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there)

Amy has been to Italy. (= she has now come back)

C - just, already, yet

just = a short time ago: I've just had lunch.

already = sooner than expected: I've already paid the bill.

yet = until now (questions/negatives): Has it stopped raining yet?

Complete the sentences using the present perfect. Choose from: break disappear go up grow improve lose shrink stop

APPLY

2 Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is better.

3 My bag was here, but it isn't here any more.

4 Lisa can't walk and her leg is in plaster.

5 Last week the bus fare was $1.80. Now it is $2.

6 Dan didn't have a beard before. Now he has a beard.

7 It was raining ten minutes ago. It isn't raining now.

8 I washed my sweater, and now it's too small for me.

Put in been or gone.

APPLY

2 Hello! I've just _____ to the shops. I've bought lots of things.

3 Tom has just _____ out. He'll be back in about an hour.

4 Alice isn't here at the moment. I don't know where she's _____.

5 You're very late. Where have you _____?

Complete the sentences using the present perfect with just, already or yet.

APPLY

2 I can't find my bag. _____ (you / see) it anywhere?

3 I can't log on to the website. _____ (I / forget) my password.

4 I sent Joe an email this morning, but _____ (he / not / reply).

5 Is the meeting still going on, or _____ (it / finish)?

6 _____ (the weather / change). It's colder now.

7 _____ (you / not / sign) the form. Could you sign it now, please?

8 Are your friends still here, or _____ (they / go) home?

UNIT 8Present perfect 2I have done

Present perfect 2 (I have done)

A - Have you ever ...? (experience)

Have you travelled a lot, Jane? Yes, I've been to lots of places.

We use the present perfect for a period from past until now.

B - recently, in the last few days, so far, since, today, this year etc.

Have you heard anything from Ben recently?

I've drunk four cups of coffee today.

C - It's the first time something has happened

It's the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)

He hasn't driven a car before. / He has never driven a car before.

Write questions with Have you ever ...?

APPLY

Example: (ride / horse?) Have you ever ridden a horse?

2 (be / California?)

3 (run / marathon?)

4 (speak / famous person?)

Complete B's answers. Some are positive and some negative. Use verbs: be eat have meet play read see try

APPLY

3 A: Are you hungry? / B: Yes. I _____ much today.

4 A: Can you play chess? / B: Yes, but I _____ for ages.

5 A: Are you enjoying your holiday? / B: Yes, it's the best holiday _____ for a long time.

6 A: What's that book about? / B: I don't know. _____ it.

7 A: Is Brussels an interesting place? / B: I've no idea. _____ there.

Complete the sentences using the words in brackets.

APPLY

Example: Jack is driving a car. He's very nervous because it's the first time he has driven a car.

2 Donna is riding a horse. It's the first time _____. (she / ride / a horse)

3 I'm in Japan. It's the first time _____ to Japan. (I / be)

4 Sue has lost her passport. It's the first time _____. (she / lose / her passport)

UNIT 9Present perfect continuousI have been doing

Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)

A - Form: have/has been + -ing

It's been raining. (= It has been ...)

For an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped:

Why are you out of breath? Have you been running?

B - how long, for, since (activity still happening or just stopped)

How long have you been learning English?

I've been looking for you for the last half hour.

Complete the sentences.

APPLY

2 We are waiting for the bus. We started waiting 20 minutes ago. We _____ for 20 minutes.

3 I'm learning Japanese. I started classes in December. I _____ Japanese since December.

4 Jessica is working in a hotel. She started working there on 18 January. _____ there since 18 January.

5 Our friends always go to Italy for their holidays. The first time was years ago. _____ there for years.

Put the verb into the present continuous (am/is/are + -ing) or present perfect continuous (have/has been + -ing).

ANALYZE

2 Hi, Tom. _____ (I / look) for you. I need to ask you something.

3 Why _____ (you / look) at me like that? Stop it!

4 Rachel is a teacher. _____ (she / teach) for ten years.

6 'Is Paul on holiday this week?' 'No, _____ (he / work).'

7 Sarah is very tired. _____ (she / work) very hard recently.

Write a question for each situation.

APPLY

Example: John is watching TV. You ask: (how long / you / watch / TV?) How long have you been watching TV?

2 You meet somebody who is waiting for the bus. You ask: (how long / you / wait?)

3 You meet somebody who is learning English. You ask: (how long / you / learn / English?)

4 Your friend Jessica is working at a hotel. You ask her: (how long / she / work / there?)

UNIT 10Present perfect continuous and simple

Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)

Continuous - activity (finished or not)

I've been painting my bedroom.

How long? (still happening)

Simple - result (completed)

I've painted my bedroom.

How much/many? (completed actions)

Put the verb into the present perfect simple or continuous.

ANALYZE

2 Look! _____ (somebody / break) that window.

3 You look tired. _____ (you / work) hard?

4 '_____ (you / ever / work) in a factory?' 'No, never.'

5 Where's Lisa? Where _____ (she / go)?

6 This is a very old book. _____ (I / have) it since I was a child.

7 Have you been busy?' 'No, _____ (I / watch) TV.'

Which is right?

REMEMBER

2 How long have you been reading / have you read that book?

3 Lisa is still writing letters. She has written / has been writing three letters so far.

4 It's been raining and the ground is wet. It has been raining / has rained.

5 I have lost / have been losing my phone. Have you seen it?

6 The road is closed. There has been / has been being an accident.

Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple or continuous.

APPLY

2 Where have you been? I _____ (look) for you everywhere.

3 I'm sorry I'm late. I hope you _____ (not / wait) long. Oh, and I _____ (break) your vase. Sorry!

4 You're out of breath. What _____ (you / do)?

5 I _____ (read) the book you gave me, so you can have it back.

UNIT 11how long have you (been) ... ?

how long have you (been) ... ?

A - Present perfect for situations that started in the past and continue now

Dan and Kate are married. They have been married for 20 years.

We say: They are married. (present) / but: How long have they been married? (not How long are they married?)

B-C - I've known / I've been learning (how long)

When we ask/say 'how long', the continuous is more usual:

I've been learning English since January.

Some verbs (know, like) are not used in continuous: How long have you known Jane?

Which is right?

REMEMBER

2 I like your house. How long do you live / have you lived here?

3 You'll need an umbrella. It's raining / It's been raining.

5 I'm sorry I'm late. Are you waiting / Have you been waiting long?

7 I met Maria only recently. I don't know / I haven't known her very long.

9 That's a very old bike. How long have you had / do you have it?

Complete B's answers.

APPLY

3 A: Is Paul married? / B: Yes, he _____ married for ten years.

5 A: Do you still play tennis? / B: No, I _____ tennis for years.

6 A: Are you waiting for the bus? / B: Yes, I _____ for about 20 minutes.

7 A: You know Mel, don't you? / B: Yes, we _____ each other a long time.

11 A: Is Joe watching TV? / B: Yes, he _____ TV all evening.

Write questions with how long.

APPLY

2 I know Dan and Kate are married. _____ ?

3 I know Laura is learning Italian. _____ ?

4 I know you live in this town. _____ ?

5 I know Mark works in a supermarket. _____ ?

UNIT 12for and sincewhen ... ? and how long ... ?

for and since / when ... ? and how long ... ?

for + a period of time

two hours, a long time, 20 minutes, five days, six months, 50 years, ages

since + the start of a period

8 o'clock, Monday, April, 2001, lunchtime, we arrived, I got up

Write for or since.

APPLY

2 Paul has lived in Brazil _____ ten years.

3 I'm tired of waiting. We've been sitting here _____ an hour.

4 Kevin has been looking for a job _____ he left school.

5 I haven't been to a party _____ ages.

6 I wonder where Joe is. I haven't seen him _____ last week.

7 Jane is away on holiday. She's been away _____ Friday.

8 The weather is dry. It hasn't rained _____ a few weeks.

Which is correct, for or since?

REMEMBER

2 We've been waiting since / for half past seven.

3 I've known Sue for / since a long time.

4 They've lived in this house since / for they were born.

5 I haven't had a good meal for / since ages.

6 She's been ill since / for she ate that fish.

Complete the sentences with for or since.

APPLY

2 It's been raining _____ I got up this morning.

3 Mike has been doing the same job _____ five years.

4 Have you been learning English _____ a long time? No, only _____ January.

5 I haven't eaten anything _____ about twelve hours.

UNIT 13Present perfect and past 1I have done and I did

Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and I did)

A - Present perfect tells us about now; Past simple tells about the past

Tom has lost his key. (= he doesn't have it now)

Tom lost his key. (= we only know he lost it; maybe he found it later)

B-C - New information (PP) -> details/continuation (PS)

A: Ow! I've burnt myself. (new - PP)

B: How did you do that? (continuing - PS)

Choose the correct form: present perfect or past simple.

REMEMBER

2 Everybody has gone / went home. The office is empty now.

3 I meant to call you last night, but I have forgotten / forgot.

4 Helen has gone / went to New York for a holiday, but she's back home now.

5 Can you help us? Our car has broken / broke down.

6 Yes, I had / have had a headache, but it's OK now.

Are the underlined parts OK? Correct them where necessary.

ANALYZE

2 My mother has grown up in Italy.

3 How many plays has William Shakespeare written?

4 I've forgotten his name. Is it Joe or Jack?

5 Who has invented paper?

6 Drugs have become a big problem everywhere.

7 We've washed the car, but now it's dirty again.

8 Where have you been born?

Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.

APPLY

3 I studied German at school, but _____ (I / forget) most of it now.

4 The police _____ (arrest) three people, but later they let them go.

5 What do you think of my English? Do you think _____ (it / improve)?

6 Are you ready to go? _____ (you / finish) your coffee?

7 _____ (I / apply) for a job as a tour guide, but I wasn't successful.

8 Where's my bike? _____ (It / be) outside the house, but it's not there now.

9 Quick! We need to call an ambulance. _____ (there / be) an accident.

UNIT 14Present perfect and past 2I have done and I did

Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I did)

Present perfect (have done)

For a period until now (unfinished):

today, this week, since 2010

I've done a lot of work today.

Past simple (did)

For a finished time in the past:

yesterday, last week, from 2010 to 2014

I did a lot of work yesterday.

Do NOT use the present perfect with yesterday / last year / ten minutes ago / when etc.:

It was very cold yesterday. (not has been)

Are the underlined parts OK? Write OK or correct them.

ANALYZE

2 Have you eaten a lot of sweets when you were a child?

3 I've bought a new car. You must come and see it.

4 I've bought a new car last week.

5 Where have you been yesterday evening?

6 Maria has left school in 1999.

7 I'm looking for Mike. Have you seen him?

8 'Have you been to Paris?' 'Yes, many times.'

9 I'm very hungry. I haven't eaten much today.

10 When has this bridge been built?

Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.

APPLY

2 Paul and Lucy _____ (arrive) about ten minutes ago.

3 I'm tired. _____ (I / not / sleep) well last night.

5 Edward _____ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he _____ (give) it up.

6 Mary lives in Dublin. _____ (She / live) there all her life.

8 I don't know Karen's husband. _____ (I / never / meet) him.

9 It's nearly lunchtime, and _____ (I / not / see) Martin all morning.

Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.

APPLY

2 Ben isn't here. He _____ (just / go) out.

3 We _____ (go) to the theatre last night.

4 _____ (you / ever / be) to China?

5 My friend is a writer. She _____ (write) many books.

6 _____ (you / see) the news on television last night?

UNIT 15Past perfectI had done

Past perfect (I had done)

A - Form: had + past participle

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.

We use the past perfect to talk about something that happened before another past action.

Present perfect (have seen)

I've seen her before, but I can't remember where.

past -> now

Past perfect (had seen)

I'd seen her before, but I couldn't remember where.

past -> earlier past

Read the situations and write sentences using the words in brackets.

APPLY

Example: There was a picture lying on the floor. (It / fall / off the wall) It had fallen off the wall.

3 You went back to your home town recently after many years. It wasn't the same as before. (It / change / a lot)

4 Somebody sang a song. You didn't know it. (I / not / hear / it / before)

5 I invited Rachel to the party, but she couldn't come. (She / arrange / to do something else)

6 You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late. (The film / already / start)

7 Last year we went to Mexico. It was our first time there. (We / not / be / there / before)

8 I met Daniel last week. It was good to see him again after such a long time. (I / not / see / him / for five years)

Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done) or past simple (I did).

APPLY

2 I felt very tired when I got home, so _____ (I / go) straight to bed.

3 The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody _____ (go) to bed.

4 Mark travels a lot. When I first met him, _____ (he / already / travel) round the world.

5 Sorry I'm late. The car _____ (break) down on my way here.

Choose the correct form.

REMEMBER

1 The house was dirty. They didn't clean / hadn't cleaned it for weeks.

2 I was very tired when I got home. I went / had gone straight to bed.

3 When I arrived at the party, Lucy had already left / already left.

4 Was Tom there when you arrived? No, he had gone / went home.

UNIT 16Past perfect continuousI had been doing

Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)

A - Form: had been + -ing

It was not raining when I looked out. But it had been raining before.

Tom was tired when he got home. He'd been working hard all day.

I have been -ing (PPC)

I've been waiting for 20 min. (before now)

I had been -ing (past PC)

I'd been waiting for 20 min. (before past event)

Read the situations and make sentences using the words in brackets.

APPLY

Example: Tom was very tired when he got home. (He / work / hard all day) He'd been working hard all day.

2 The children came into the house. They had a football and were both very tired. (They / play / football)

3 I was disappointed when I had to cancel my holiday. (I / look forward to it)

4 Anna woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn't know where she was. (She / have / a bad dream)

5 When I got home, Mark was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off. (He / watch / a film)

6 The people waiting at the bus stop were getting impatient. The bus was very late. (They / wait / a long time)

Which is right? (from 16.3)

ANALYZE

1 It was noisy next door last night. Our neighbours were having / had been having a party.

2 At the end of our journey we were extremely tired. We were travelling / We'd been travelling for more than 24 hours.

4 Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She was running / She'd been running.

6 I was sad when I sold my car. I'd had / I was having it for a very long time.

7 I was sad when my local cafe closed. I was going / I'd been going there for many years.

Read the situations and complete the sentences. (from 16.2)

APPLY

4 I went to a concert. Soon after the orchestra began playing, something strange happened. The orchestra _____ (play) for about ten minutes when a man in the audience suddenly started shouting.

2 I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him to come. _____ (I / wait) for 20 minutes when I realised I was in the wrong restaurant.

3 Sarah worked in a company for a long time. The company no longer exists. At the time the company went out of business, Sarah _____ (work) there for twelve years.

UNIT 17have and have got

have and have got

A - have / have got (= possession, relationships etc.)

They have a new car. or They've got a new car.

For the past we use had (without got): Lisa had long hair when she was a child.

B - Questions and negatives

Do you have / Have you got any questions?

Past: Did you have a car? (not Had you a car?)

C - have breakfast / have a shower / have a good time etc.

We use have (not have got) for actions: have breakfast, a shower, a party, a chat, trouble etc.

Continuous forms OK: We're having a great time.

Complete the sentences using have in the correct form.

APPLY

3 They can't pay their bills. They _____ any money.

4 We got wet in the rain yesterday. We _____ an umbrella.

5 Jack _____ a car. He can't afford one and he can't drive anyway.

6 'Excuse me, _____ a pen I could borrow?' 'Yes, sure. Here you are.'

7 I was very busy yesterday. I _____ time to go shopping.

Are the underlined words OK? Correct them where necessary.

ANALYZE

2 Lisa had got long hair when she was a child.

3 I couldn't contact you because I hadn't my phone.

4 'Are you feeling OK?' 'No, I'm having a cold.'

5 I'm not working right now. I'm having a break.

10 The last time I saw Steve, he was having a beard.

9 My friend called me when I was having breakfast.

Complete the sentences. Use an expression with have in the correct form. Choose from: have a baby / have a break / have a look / have a party / have a shower / have trouble

APPLY

2 David starts work at 8 o'clock and _____ at 10.30.

3 We _____ last week. We invited lots of people.

4 There's something wrong with my bike. Can you _____ at it for me?

8 Suzanne _____ a few weeks ago. It's her second child.

9 I _____ when the light went out suddenly.

UNIT 18used to (do)

used to (do)

A-B - I used to do something = I did it regularly in the past, but I don't do it any more

I used to play tennis a lot, but I don't play very much now.

This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema.

C-D - No present form. Questions and negatives with did

There is no present. We say: he plays (not he uses to play)

Did you use to eat a lot of sweets?

I didn't use to like him.

Complete the sentences with used to + a suitable verb.

APPLY

2 Sophie _____ a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car.

3 Our friends moved to Spain a few years ago. They _____ in Paris.

4 Jackie _____ my best friend, but we aren't friends any more.

5 I rarely eat ice cream now, but I _____ it when I was a child.

7 There _____ a hotel near the airport, but it closed a long time ago.

8 I _____ in a factory. It wasn't my favourite job.

Complete the sentences. Choose from the box: did / didn't / to / use / used / used to / be able

APPLY

2 We _____ to watch TV a lot, but we don't have a TV any more.

3 Lisa works in a shop now. She _____ a receptionist in a hotel.

4 What games _____ you use to play when you were a child?

5 I _____ like big cities, but now I prefer the countryside.

6 In your last job, how many hours a day did you _____ to work?

7 I don't travel very much these days, but I used _____ a lot.

8 I used to _____ to run ten kilometres, but I can't run that far now.

9 These days I eat more than before. I _____ use to eat as much.

Choose the correct form.

REMEMBER

1 I used to play / use to play tennis a lot, but I don't play very much now.

2 Did you use to / Did you used to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?

3 We used to live / use to live in a small village, but now we live in a city.

4 I didn't use to / didn't used to like him, but now I do.

UNIT 19Present tenses for the futureI am doing / I do

Present tenses (I am doing / I do) for the future

A - Present continuous for future arrangements

I'm doing something tomorrow = I have already decided and arranged to do it:

What are you doing on Saturday evening? (not What do you do)

I'm not working tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere.

B - Present simple for timetables, programmes

My train leaves at 11.30. The film starts at 8.15.

But for people, we use the continuous: What time are you meeting Kate?

Ask Anna about her holiday plans. Write questions using the present continuous.

APPLY

Example: (where / go?) Where are you going? Scotland.

2 (how long / go for?) _____ ? Ten days.

3 (when / leave?) _____ ? Next Friday.

4 (go / alone?) _____ ? No, with a friend.

5 (travel / by car?) _____ ? No, by train.

6 (where / stay?) _____ ? In a hotel.

Complete the sentences. Use the present continuous for future arrangements.

APPLY

2 _____ (We / have) a party next week. We've invited all our friends.

3 _____ (I / not / work) tomorrow. It's a public holiday.

4 _____ (I / leave) now. I've come to say goodbye.

5 'What time _____ (you / go) out this evening?' 'Seven o'clock.'

6 _____ (Laura / not / come) to the party tomorrow. She isn't well.

Complete the sentences. Use the present continuous or present simple for the future.

ANALYZE

2 _____ (you / go) to Sam's party on Saturday?

3 A: Has Jack moved into his new apartment yet? / B: Not yet, but _____ (he / move) soon.

4b A: I'm going to a concert tonight. / B: That's nice. What time _____ (it / start)?

5 A: Have you seen Chris recently? / B: No, but _____ (we / meet) for lunch next week.

7a A: When _____ (this term / end)? / B: Next Friday.

10 A: What time is your train tomorrow? / B: It _____ (leave) at 9.35 and _____ (arrive) at 12.47.

12 A: Do you need the car this evening? / B: No, you can have it. _____ (I / not / use) it.

UNIT 20I'm going to (do)

I'm going to (do)

A - I am going to do something = I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it

Are you going to eat anything? 'No, I'm not hungry.'

I'm just going to make a quick phone call. Can you wait for me?

C - Something is going to happen = the situation now makes it clear

Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain.

I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick.

D - I was going to = I intended to do it, but didn't do it

We were going to travel by train, but then we decided to drive instead.

Complete using I'm going to ... or I'm not going to ... Choose from: complain learn run say try wash not/accept not/eat not/tell

APPLY

2 I haven't been trying hard enough. From now on _____ harder.

3 I have to make a speech tomorrow, but I don't know what _____.

4 'The car is very dirty.' 'I know. _____ it.'

5 I've been offered a job, but _____ it. The pay is too low.

6 _____ a language, but I haven't decided yet which one.

8 The food in this restaurant is awful. _____.

What is going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets.

APPLY

Example: There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. (rain) It's going to rain.

2 It is 8.30. Tom is leaving home. He has to be at work at 8.45, but the journey takes 30 minutes. (late)

3 There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in. (sink)

4 Amy and Ben are driving. The tank is nearly empty. It's a long way to the nearest petrol station. (run out)

5 Sarah's car was badly damaged in an accident. Now it has to be repaired. (cost a lot)

Complete the sentences with was/were going to. Choose from: buy give up phone play say travel

APPLY

2 I _____ some new clothes yesterday, but I didn't have time to go to the shops.

3 Tom and I _____ tennis last week, but he'd hurt his knee and had to cancel.

4 I _____ Jane, but I sent her an email instead.

6 Peter _____ his job, but in the end he decided to stay where he was.

7 I'm sorry I interrupted you. What _____ ?

UNIT 21will and shall 1

will and shall 1

A - I'll ... = a decision at the moment of speaking

'Did you call Max?' 'Oh no, I forgot. I'll call him now.'

We often use I think I'll ... / I don't think I'll ...:

I'm a little hungry. I think I'll have something to eat.

B - I'll ... for offering, agreeing, promising

That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it. (offering)

Sure, I'll give it to him. (agreeing)

I won't tell anyone. I promise. (promising)

D - shall I ...? / shall we ...? (suggestions)

Shall I open the window? (= do you want me to?)

Where shall we have lunch? (= what do you suggest?)

Complete the sentences with I'll + a suitable verb.

APPLY

2 'It's cold in this room.' 'Is it? _____ on the heating then.'

3 'Are you free next Friday?' 'Let me see. _____ my diary.'

4 'Shall I do the washing-up?' 'No, it's all right. _____ it later.'

5 'I don't know how to use this phone.' 'OK, _____ you.'

6 'Would you like tea or coffee?' '_____ coffee, please.'

7 'Are you coming with us?' 'No, I think _____ here.'

Read the situations and write sentences with I think I'll ... or I don't think I'll ...

APPLY

2 You are feeling tired and it's getting late. You decide to go to bed.

3 The weather is nice and you need some exercise. You decide to go for a walk.

4 You were going to have lunch, but now you decide you don't want to eat anything.

5 You planned to go swimming today, but now you decide not to go.

Write questions with shall I ...? or shall we ...?

APPLY

2 You and a friend are going on holiday together, but you have to decide where.

3 You try on a jacket in a shop. You are not sure whether to buy it or not. You ask a friend.

4 You and a friend are going out. You have to decide whether to get a taxi or walk.

6 You're meeting a friend tomorrow, but you have to decide what time.

UNIT 22will and shall 2

will and shall 2

A - will for predictions (what we think/believe will happen)

Do NOT use will for what somebody has already decided or arranged:

Lisa is working next week. (not Lisa will work)

We use will for what we know or believe about the future:

I think Kate will pass the driving test. She's a good driver.

B - I'll probably / I'm sure ... will / I don't think ... will

I'll probably be home late tonight.

I'm sure you'll pass the exam.

I don't think the exam will be very difficult.

Put in will ('ll) or won't.

APPLY

2 There's no point in asking Amanda for advice. She _____ know what to do.

3 I'm glad I'm meeting Emma tomorrow. It _____ be good to see her again.

4 I'm sorry about what happened yesterday. It _____ happen again.

5 You don't need to take an umbrella with you. I don't think it _____ rain.

6 I've got some incredible news! You _____ believe it.

Complete the sentences using will ('ll). Choose from: it/be, she/come, you/like, you/pass, you/get, people/live, we/meet, it/look, you/enjoy

APPLY

2 Why don't you try on this jacket? _____ nice on you.

3 You must meet Max sometime. I think _____ him.

4 It's a very nice hotel. I'm sure _____ your stay there.

5 It's raining hard. Don't go out. _____ very wet.

6 Do you think _____ longer in the future?

Write questions using do you think ... will ...?

APPLY

2 The weather doesn't look very good. (rain?)

3 The meeting is still going on. (when / end?)

4 My car needs to be repaired. (how much / cost?)

5 Sally and David are in love. (get married?)

UNIT 23I will and I'm going to

I will and I'm going to

will (new decision, just decided)

'Gary's been trying to contact you.' 'Has he? OK, I'll call him.'

going to (already decided before)

'Gary's been trying to contact you.' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to call him.'

B - For predictions, both are possible

I think the weather will be nice later. or ... is going to be nice later.

Complete the sentences using will ('ll) or (be) going to.

ANALYZE

2 A: I forgot my wallet. I don't have any money. / B: Not to worry. _____ you some. (I / lend)

3 A: Why are you filling that bucket with water? / B: _____ the car. (I / wash)

4 A: I don't know how to use the washing machine. / B: It's easy. _____ you. (I / show)

5 A: I've decided to paint this room. / B: That's nice. What colour _____ it? (you / paint)

6 A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping? / B: Yes, _____ some things for dinner tonight. (I / buy)

7 A: What would you like to eat? / B: _____ a pizza, please. (I / have)

8 A: This food doesn't taste very good, does it? / B: No, it's horrible. _____ it. (I / not / finish)

10 A: Did you call Lisa? / B: Oh, no. I completely forgot. _____ her now. (I / call)

Read the situations and complete the sentences using will ('ll) or (be) going to.

ANALYZE

2 You're speaking to a friend and arranging to meet. You suggest a time and place. You say: _____ you at 10.30 in the hotel lobby, OK? (I / see)

3 You have decided to sell your car. You tell a friend of yours. You say: I don't need my car any more. _____ it. (I / sell)

4 Your friend is worried because she has lost her driving licence. You say: Don't worry. I'm sure _____ it. (you / find)

Choose the correct form: will or going to.

REMEMBER

1 'Your shoes are dirty.' 'I know. I'm going to clean / I'll clean them.' (already decided)

2 'Shall I do the washing up?' 'No, I'll do / I'm going to do it.' (spontaneous offer)

3 'I've decided to repaint this room.' 'What colour are you going to paint / will you paint it?'

4 'Where are you going?' 'To the shop. I'm going to buy / I'll buy some milk.'

5 'There's no milk left.' 'Oh, I'm going to get / I'll get some from the shop.'

UNIT 24will be doing and will have done

will be doing and will have done

A-B - will be doing (future continuous) = in the middle of doing something

This time next week I'll be lying on the beach.

Don't phone between 7 and 8. We'll be eating.

D - will have done (future perfect) = will be complete before a time in the future

Sally always leaves for work at 8.30. She won't be at home at 9 - she'll have gone to work.

We're late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

Complete the sentences. Choose from the box: be watching / will be landing / won't be playing / will be starting / will you be doing / won't be going / be going / will you be voting

APPLY

2 I'll _____ shopping later. Can I get you anything?

3 Emily is not well, so she _____ volleyball tomorrow.

4 Little Emma _____ school soon. She's growing up fast.

6 What _____ in your new job? The same as before?

7 I _____ to the wedding. I'll be away on holiday.

8 Please fasten your seat belts. The plane _____ in ten minutes.

Put the verb into the correct form: will be (do)ing or will have (done).

APPLY

2 Tomorrow afternoon we're going to play tennis from 3 o'clock until 4.30. So at 4 o'clock, _____ tennis. (we / play)

3 Sarah will meet you at the station. _____ for you when you arrive. (she / wait)

4 The meeting starts at 9.30 and won't last longer than an hour. You can be sure that _____ by 11 o'clock. (it / finish)

6 Lisa is travelling in Europe. So far she has travelled about 1,000 miles. By the end of the trip, _____ more than 3,000 miles. (she / travel)

7 If you need to contact me, _____ at the Lion Hotel until Friday. (I / stay)

9 I'm fed up with my job. I hope _____ it much longer. (I / not / do)

Choose the correct form.

REMEMBER

1 Don't phone between 7 and 8. We 'll be eating / 'll have eaten.

2 The film 'll be starting / 'll have started by the time we get to the cinema.

3 This time next week I 'll be lying / 'll have lain on a beach on holiday.

4 Next year they 'll be being / 'll have been married for 25 years.

UNIT 25when I do and when I've doneif and when

when I do and when I've done / if and when

A - After when/while/before/after/until/as soon as - use PRESENT (not will)

I'll call you again later when I arrive. (not when I will arrive)

We'll go out when it stops raining.

Don't forget to lock the door when you go out.

B - You can use present perfect after when/after/until/as soon as

Can I have the newspaper when you've finished with it?

Wait until he has gone.

C - if and when

if = it's possible it will happen (or not): I'll be angry if it happens again.

when = it's sure to happen: I'm going out later. When I go out, I'll get some bread.

Which is correct?

ANALYZE

2 As soon as we get any more information, we'll let / we let you know.

3 I want to get to the cinema before the film starts / will start.

4 Don't drive through a red light. Wait until it changes / it will change to green.

5 Sarah will be here soon. I'll make / I make some coffee when she comes.

8 Oliver is five. He wants to be a TV presenter when he grows up / he'll grow up.

12 You'll feel better after you've had / you'll have something to eat.

Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. Use will/won't or the present (see/plays/are etc.).

APPLY

2 I want to see Sophie before _____ (she / go) away next week.

3 Call me when _____ (you / know) what time you're going to get here.

3b There's no need to hurry. _____ (I / wait) for you until you're ready.

5 I'm going out for about an hour. Will you still be here when _____ (I / get) back?

7 Kate looks completely different now. _____ (you / not / recognise) her when you see her again.

Put in when or if.

APPLY

2 Be careful. You'll hurt yourself _____ you fall.

3 I'm going shopping. _____ you want anything, I can get it for you.

4 I'm going away for a few days. I'll call you _____ I get back.

5 _____ I don't see you tomorrow, when will I see you again?

6 I'm watching a programme on TV right now. _____ it finishes, I'm going to bed.

7 We can eat at home or, _____ you prefer, we can go to a restaurant.

8 I hope Sarah can come to the party. It will be a shame _____ she can't come.

UNIT 26can, could and (be) able to

can, could and (be) able to

A - can = something is possible or somebody has the ability

We can see the lake from our hotel. / I can come and see you tomorrow.

The negative is can't (= cannot): I'm afraid I can't come to the party on Friday.

B - can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past). Use (be) able to for other forms

I can't sleep. / I haven't been able to sleep recently.

Tom can come tomorrow. / Tom might be able to come tomorrow.

D - could vs was able to / managed to (past - specific situation)

could = general ability: My grandfather could speak five languages.

was able to / managed to = succeeded in a specific situation:

The fire spread quickly, but everybody was able to escape. (not could escape)

But couldn't is possible in all situations: Andy played well, but he couldn't beat Jack.

Complete the sentences using can or (be) able to. If can is not possible, use (be) able to.

APPLY

3 Nicole _____ drive, but she doesn't have a car.

4 I used to _____ stand on my head, but I can't do it any more.

5 I can't understand Mark. I've never _____ understand him.

6 I can't see you on Friday, but I _____ meet you on Saturday morning.

7 Ask Katherine about your problem. She might _____ help you.

8 You have to be careful in this part of the city. It _____ be dangerous.

9 Michael has lived in Italy a long time, so he should _____ speak Italian.

Complete the sentences with can/can't/could/couldn't + one of these verbs: believe come hear run sleep wait

APPLY

2 When Dan was 16, he _____ 100 metres in 11 seconds.

3 'Are you in a hurry?' 'No, I've got plenty of time. I _____ .'

4 I don't feel good this morning. I _____ last night.

5 Can you speak a little louder? I _____ you very well.

6 I was amazed when I heard the news. I _____ it.

Complete the sentences using could, couldn't or managed to.

ANALYZE

5 There was a small fire in the kitchen, but fortunately I _____ put it out.

6 The walls were thin and I _____ hear people talking in the next room.

7 I ran my first marathon recently. It was very hard, but I _____ finish.

8 My grandmother loved music. She _____ play the piano very well.

9 We wanted to go to the concert, but we _____ get tickets.

10 A girl fell into the river, but some people _____ pull her out. She's all right now.

UNIT 27could (do) and could have (done)

could (do) and could have (done)

A - could for possible actions now or in the future (suggestions)

A: What shall we do tonight? / B: We could go to the cinema.

could is less sure than can: I can stay with Sarah. (realistic) / I could stay with Sarah. (possible, but less sure)

D - could have (done) = something was possible but didn't happen

Why did you stay at a hotel? You could have stayed with me.

David was lucky. He could have hurt himself when he fell, but he's all right.

E - couldn't do = it would not be possible; couldn't have done = it would not have been possible

I couldn't live in a big city. I'd hate it. (now)

We had a really good holiday. It couldn't have been better. (past)

Put in can or could.

APPLY

2 I'm so angry with him. I _____ kill him!

3 I _____ hear a strange noise. What is it?

4 It's so nice here. I _____ sit here all day, but unfortunately I have to go.

5 I _____ understand your point of view, but I don't agree with you.

7 The company Amy works for isn't doing well. She _____ lose her job.

8 Some people are unlucky. Life _____ be very unfair.

Complete the sentences. Choose from: could sleep / could have come / could be / could have been / could have taken / could come / could have moved / could have gone

APPLY

2 A: I spent a very boring evening at home yesterday. / B: Why did you stay at home? You _____ out with us.

3 A: Shall I open this letter? / B: Yes. It _____ important.

4 A: How was your exam? Was it difficult? / B: It wasn't so bad. It _____ worse.

5 A: I got very wet walking home in the rain. / B: Why did you walk? You _____ a taxi.

6 A: Where shall we meet tomorrow? / B: Well, I _____ to your office if you like.

Complete the sentences using couldn't or couldn't have + these verbs: afford be been live manage stand study wear

APPLY

3 I _____ that hat. People would laugh at me.

4 You helped me a lot. I _____ without you.

5 The staff at the hotel were really good. They _____ more helpful.

6 There's no way we could buy a car now. We _____ it.

7 Jack prepared for the exam as well as he could. He _____ harder.

8 I wouldn't like to live near the motorway. I _____ the noise of the traffic.

UNIT 28must and can't

must and can't

A - must = we believe something is certain; can't = we believe it's not possible

You've been travelling all day. You must be tired. (= I'm sure you are)

You've just had lunch. You can't be hungry already. (= I'm sure you aren't)

B - For the past: must have (done) / can't have (done)

I lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere.

Sarah hasn't contacted me. She can't have got my message.

Put in must or can't.

APPLY

2 That restaurant _____ be very good. It's always full of people.

3 That restaurant _____ be very good. It's always empty.

4 I'm sure Kate gave me her address. I _____ have it somewhere.

5 I often see that man in this street. He _____ live near here.

6 It rained every day during their holiday. It _____ have been very nice for them.

7 Congratulations on passing your exam. You _____ be very pleased.

8 This bill _____ be correct. It's much too high.

9 You got here very quickly. You _____ have driven very fast.

Complete each sentence with a verb (one or two words).

APPLY

3 You've lived in this village a long time. You must _____ everybody who lives here.

4 I don't seem to have my wallet with me. I must _____ it at home.

5 'How old is Ed?' 'He's older than me. He must _____ at least 40.'

7 'You're going on holiday soon. You must _____ forward to it.' 'Yes, I am.'

8 I'm sure you know this song. You must _____ it before.

9 The road is closed, so we have to go another way. There must _____ an accident.

10 'Do you have a car?' 'You must _____ ! How could I afford to have a car?'

Write sentences with must have or can't have.

APPLY

3 The jacket you bought is very good quality. (it / be / very expensive)

4 I haven't seen our neighbours for the last few days. (they / go away)

5 I can't find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night)

6 Amy was in a very difficult situation when she lost her job. (it / be / easy for her)

9 When I got back to my car, it was unlocked. (I / forget / to lock it)

UNIT 29may and might 1

may and might 1

A - may / might = it is possible that something is true or will happen

He may be in his office. (= perhaps he is)

She might know. (= perhaps she knows)

The negatives are may not and might not: It may not be true. (= perhaps it isn't true)

B - For the past: may have / might have (done)

A: I wonder why Kate didn't answer her phone. / B: She may have been asleep.

I can't find my phone. I might have left it at work.

couldn't (negative) is different from may not/might not:
Sarah couldn't have received my message. (= it's not possible)
She might not have received it. (= it's possible she didn't receive it)

Complete the sentences with may/might. Choose from the box: may be Tom's / may not be possible / might be Brazilian / might be driving / might have one / might know / may not be feeling well

APPLY

2 I'm not sure whether Helen is English or not. She _____.

3 I can't find my passport. Where is it? It _____. Wait - no. Let me check: "Where are those people from?" The answer is "might be Brazilian"

4 I need to speak to the manager, but it _____ to see her today. She's very busy.

5 Whose phone is this? It _____.

6 Why doesn't George answer his phone? He _____.

8 Gary is in a strange mood today. Yes, he is. He _____.

Complete each sentence using the verb in brackets.

APPLY

2 A: Who was the guy we saw with Anna yesterday? / B: I'm not sure. It may _____ her brother. (be)

3 A: Is Ellie here? / B: I can't see her. She may not _____ yet. (arrive)

4 A: Gary said he would meet us in the cafe, but he isn't here. / B: He might _____ outside. I'll go and look. (wait)

5 A: How did John know that I'd lost my job? / B: I don't know. I suppose Sam may _____ him. (tell)

6 A: Do you know where Jeff is? Is he still in the office? / B: He was here earlier, but he might _____ home. (go)

9 A: I can't find my umbrella. Have you seen it? / B: You may _____ it in the restaurant last night. (leave)

11 A: Hannah is supposed to meet us here, and she's already 20 minutes late. / B: She may _____. She's always forgetting things. (forget)

Choose the correct form.

REMEMBER

1 Where's Ben? He might be having / might have lunch.

2 I wonder why Kate didn't answer the phone. She may have been / may be asleep.

3 I can't find my keys. I might have left / might leave them at work.

4 Why isn't Steve here? He may not know / may not have known about the meeting.

UNIT 30may and might 2

may and might 2

A - may/might for possible future actions

I haven't decided where to go on holiday. I may go to Ireland. (= perhaps I will go)

Take an umbrella with you. It might rain later.

Negative: Amy may not go out tonight. She isn't feeling well.

B - may vs might: usually you can use either, but use might (not may) for unreal situations

If they paid me better, I might work harder. (not I may work)

D - might as well = we should do it because there's no better alternative

We might as well walk. There's no point in waiting for the bus.

Complete the sentences using might + a verb from the box: hear need rain slip spill wake

APPLY

2 Don't make too much noise. You _____ the baby.

3 Be careful with your coffee. You _____ it.

4 Don't forget your phone. You _____ it.

5 It's better if we don't talk so loud. Somebody _____ us.

6 Be careful. This footpath is icy. You _____.

Complete the sentences. Use might be able to or might have to + one of these verbs: fix help leave meet pay wait

APPLY

2 I can come to the meeting, but I _____ before the end.

3 I'm not free this evening, but I _____ you tomorrow evening.

4 I'm not sure whether this car park is free or not. We _____.

5 There's a long queue. We _____ a long time.

6 'I've got a problem with my bike.' 'Let me have a look. I _____ it.'

Which alternative makes sense? (from 30.1)

ANALYZE

1 Where are you going for your holidays? I haven't decided yet. I might go / I'm going to Ireland.

2 Have you decided what sort of car you want to buy? Yes, I might get / I'm going to get a sports car.

3 When is Tom coming to see us? He hasn't said yet. He might come / He's coming on Sunday.

4 Where are you going to put that picture? I don't know. I might hang / I'm going to hang it in the bedroom.

5 What's Tanya going to do when she leaves school? Does she know yet? She's decided. She might go / She's going to university.

UNIT 31have to and must

have to and must

A - I have to do something = it is necessary, I am obliged to do it

You can't turn right here. You have to turn left.

I had to go to the doctor for ages. (past)

Questions/negatives with do/does/did: What do I have to do?

B - must is similar to have to, but we use have to (not must) to talk about facts/obligations

I have to work from 8.30 to 5.30 every day. (a fact, not my opinion)

You must meet Tom. He's a really nice person. (I recommend this - my opinion)

Past: had to (not must): I had to leave early yesterday.

C - mustn't vs don't have to - completely different!

mustn't = don't do it: You mustn't tell anyone. (= don't tell)

don't have to = you don't need to, but you can if you want: You don't have to come with me. I can go alone.

Complete the sentences using have/has/had to + the verbs in brackets.

APPLY

3 I don't have much time. _____ (I / go) in ten minutes.

4 'I'm afraid I can't stay long.' 'What time _____ (you / go)?'

5 Joe starts work at 5 am every day, which means _____ (he / get up) at four.

6 We nearly missed the bus this morning. _____ (we / run) to catch it.

7 Is Lisa usually free on Saturdays or _____ (she / work)?

8 There was nobody to help me. _____ (I / do) everything by myself.

Complete with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to.

ANALYZE

1 I don't want anyone to know about our plan. You _____ tell anyone.

2 Richard _____ wear a suit to work, but he usually does.

3 There's a lift in the building, so we _____ climb the stairs.

4 I promised Kate I'd call her tomorrow. I _____ forget.

7 You _____ be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.

8 You should keep trying to find a job. You _____ give up.

9 I _____ eat too much. I'm supposed to be on a diet.

10 We have plenty of time before our flight. We _____ check in yet.

In some sentences must is wrong or unnatural. Choose the correct alternative.

ANALYZE

2 I must start / have to start work every day at 8.30.

4 I couldn't get a taxi last night. I must walk / had to walk home.

5 You must come / have to come and see us again soon. (= I think this is a good idea)

8 Julia wears glasses. She must wear / has had to wear glasses since she was very young.

UNIT 32must mustn't needn't

must mustn't needn't

A - must vs mustn't

must = it is necessary: We must hurry. We don't have much time.

mustn't = don't do it: You mustn't tell anyone. (= it's necessary that you do NOT tell)

B - needn't = don't need to = it's not necessary

We have plenty of time. We needn't hurry. (= We don't need to hurry)

Compare: You needn't tell Steve. (= not necessary) vs You mustn't tell Steve. (= don't do it!)

C - needn't have (done) = you did it, but it wasn't necessary

They needn't have reserved a table. The restaurant was almost empty.

Which is correct?

ANALYZE

2 I have to talk to Gary. I must / mustn't remember to call him.

3 I have to talk to Gary. I mustn't / needn't forget to call him.

5 These are important documents. We mustn't / needn't lose them.

6 You mustn't / needn't wait for me. You go on and I'll join you later.

7 This is a dangerous situation and we need to be careful. We mustn't / needn't do anything stupid.

Complete the sentences using needn't + verb. Choose from: come keep leave walk worry

APPLY

2 I can manage the shopping alone. You _____ with me.

3 We _____ all the way home. We can get a taxi.

4 You can delete these emails. You _____ them.

5 I'll be all right. You _____ about me.

Complete with must, mustn't or don't have to / don't need to.

APPLY

2 I _____ remember to pay the electricity bill. It's due tomorrow.

3 You _____ come to the meeting, but you can if you want to.

5 We _____ be late. The train leaves in five minutes.

6 This exam is optional. You _____ take it if you don't want to.

7 These flowers are beautiful. You _____ pick them. It's not allowed.

UNIT 33should 1

should 1

A - should = it's a good thing to do or the right thing to do (advice/opinion)

You look tired. You should go to bed.

You shouldn't believe everything you read in newspapers.

B - should for what we expect

Helen has been studying hard. She should pass the exam.

C - should have done = you didn't do it, but it would have been a good thing to do

You missed a great party. You should have come.

I'm feeling sick. I shouldn't have eaten so much.

Write a sentence with should or shouldn't + one of the following: look for another job / stay up so late / take a picture / worry so much / put some pictures on the walls

APPLY

2 Your salary is very low.

3 Jack always finds it hard to get up.

4 What a beautiful view!

5 Laura is always anxious.

6 Dan's room isn't very nice.

Complete with should or should have + the verb in brackets.

APPLY

3 I'm in a difficult position. What do you think I _____ ? (do)

4 I'm sorry that I didn't take your advice. I _____ what you said. (do)

5 We lost the game, but we were the better team. We _____ . (win)

6 We don't see you enough. You _____ and see us more often. (come)

7 We went the wrong way and got lost. We _____ right, not left. (turn)

8 My exam results weren't good. I _____ better. (do)

Complete the sentences. Choose from the box: should be here soon / should be working OK / shouldn't take long / should receive / should be much warmer / shouldn't cost more / should solve

APPLY

2 Joe hasn't arrived yet, but he _____.

3 The TV has been repaired. It _____ now.

4 It _____ to get to the hotel. About 20 minutes.

5 I sent the documents to you today, so you _____ them tomorrow.

7 The best way to get to the airport is by taxi. It _____ than ten pounds.

UNIT 34should 2

should 2

A - should after insist/demand/recommend/suggest/propose

I insisted that he should apologise.

It's essential that everyone should be here on time.

D - should after strange/odd/funny/typical/natural/interesting/surprised/surprising

It's strange that he should be late. He's usually on time.

F - I should ... = I would ..., I advise you to ...

'Shall I leave now?' 'No, I should wait a bit.'

Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.

APPLY

2 'You really must stay a little longer,' she said to me. She insisted that _____ a little longer.

3 'Why don't you visit the museum after lunch?' I said to them. I suggested that _____ the museum after lunch.

4 'You must pay the rent by Friday,' the landlord said to us. The landlord demanded that _____ the rent by Friday.

Complete the sentences using should + verb. Choose from: ask be be done leave say vote worry

APPLY

2 It's funny that you _____ that. I was thinking the same thing.

3 It's only natural that parents _____ about their children.

4 Isn't it typical of Joe that he _____ without saying goodbye to anybody?

5 I was surprised that they _____ me for advice. What advice could I give them?

6 This is a democratic election, and it's important that you _____.

7 The bridge needs to be repaired. It's essential that the work _____ as soon as possible.

Complete the sentences using I should. Choose from: call get keep wait

APPLY

2 'Shall I throw these things away?' 'No, _____ them. You may need them.'

3 'Shall I go and see Paul?' 'Yes, but _____ him first.'

4 'Is it worth getting this computer repaired?' 'No, _____ a new one.'

UNIT 35I'd better ...it's time ...

I'd better ... it's time ...

A - I'd better do something = it is advisable, there may be a problem if not

I have to meet Amy in ten minutes. I'd better go now or I'll be late.

Negative: I'd better not go out tonight. (not I'd better don't go)

C - It's time ... (= it should have already happened)

It's time to go home. / It's time we went home. (past tense, but present meaning)

It's time somebody did something about it. (= it should have been done before now)

Write sentences with 'd better or 'd better not. Choose from: check disturb go put reserve take

APPLY

2 You and Kate plan to go to a restaurant tonight. It will be busy.

3 Oliver has just cut himself. It's bleeding and he'll need a plaster on it.

4 Rebecca doesn't look well this morning - not well enough to go to work.

5 You're going to the cinema, but you're not sure what time the film starts.

6 You need to talk to your boss, but she's very busy right now.

Is had better OK in these sentences? Change to should where necessary.

ANALYZE

3 I'm glad you came to see us. You had better come / should come more often. (general advice)

4 It's late. You 'd better set / should set your alarm. You have to get up early.

6 I think everybody had better learn / should learn a foreign language. (general advice)

7 We've just missed the last bus. We 'd better get / should get a taxi. (specific situation)

Complete the sentences. Choose from the box: better / did / had / hadn't / I'd / not / should / to / were / was / do / take

APPLY

2 Ben needs to know what happened. Somebody _____ better tell him.

3 We'd better _____ park the car here. The road is too narrow.

4 You _____ brush your teeth at least twice a day.

5 What are we going to do? It's time _____ decide.

7 It's time they _____ here. They promised they wouldn't be late.

9 We'd better leave as soon as possible, _____ we?

11 It's time the government _____ something about the problem.

UNIT 36would

would

A - would ('d) / wouldn't for imaginary situations

It would be nice to buy a new car, but we can't afford it.

I'd love to live by the sea. / I wouldn't say anything in your situation.

Past: would have (done) = imaginary past: I don't know what we would have done without their help.

B - wouldn't do something = refused to do it

I tried to warn him, but he wouldn't listen to me. (= he refused to listen)

C - would for things that happened regularly in the past

Whenever Richard was angry, he would walk out of the room. (= he did this regularly)

Complete the sentences using would + the verbs in the correct form: be do do enjoy have have stop

APPLY

2 You should go and see the film. I think you _____ it.

3 It's a pity you couldn't come to the party last night. You _____ it.

4 Shall I apply for the job or not? What _____ in my position?

5 I was in a hurry when I saw you. Otherwise I _____ to talk.

6 We took a taxi home last night, but got stuck in the traffic. It _____ quicker to walk.

Complete the sentences using wouldn't + a suitable verb.

APPLY

2 I asked Amanda what had happened, but she _____ me.

3 Paul was angry about what I'd said and he _____ to me for two weeks.

4 Martina insisted on carrying all her luggage. She _____ me help her.

Complete the sentences using would (section C - past habits). Choose from: forget shake share smile stay walk

APPLY

2 We used to live next to a railway line. Every time a train went past, the house _____.

3 Katherine was always very generous. She didn't have much, but she _____ what she had with everyone else.

4 You could never rely on Joe. It didn't matter how many times you reminded him to do something, he _____ .

5 When we were children, we used to go to the beach a lot. We _____ there all day playing in the sand.

6 Lucy was always friendly. Whenever I saw her, she _____ and say hello.

UNIT 37can/could/would you ... ?Requests, offers, permission

can/could/would you ... ? etc.

A - Requests: Can you / Could you / Do you think you could ...?

Can you wait a moment, please? / Could you tell me how to get to the bus station?

B-C - Asking for things: Can I have ...? / Permission: Can I ...? Could I ...? Do you mind if I ...?

Can I have these postcards, please?

Could I use your phone charger? / Do you mind if I sit here?

D - Offering/Inviting: Can I ...? / Would you like ...? / I'd like ...

Can I help you? / Would you like some coffee?

I'd like to try on this jacket, please.

Complete the sentences. Choose from: Can I give / Can I take / Do you mind / I'd like / I'd like to / Would you like / Would you like to come / Would you like to try

APPLY

2 _____ some ice in your drink?

3 You're ordering in a cafe. You say: _____ a chicken salad, please.

4 You have an extra ticket for a concert. You ask your friend: _____ to a concert tomorrow night?

5 Someone calls for Lisa, who isn't here. You say: Lisa's not here. _____ a message?

6 You need to see a dentist. You phone for an appointment: Hello. _____ make an appointment, please.

7 You work in a shoe shop. A customer asks about some shoes. You ask: _____ them on?

8 You go into a cafe and see some people you know. You ask: _____ if I join you?

What would you say in these situations? Write a request, offer, or question for permission.

CREATE

Example: You're carrying a lot of things. There's a man near the door. -> Could you open the door, please?

2. You've finished your meal and want the bill.

4. The music in the next room is very loud. You want her to turn it down.

6. You're on a bus. An elderly man is standing. You offer him your seat.

Choose the correct form.

REMEMBER

1 Could you / Could I pass the sugar, please? (request)

2 Would you like / Do you like coffee? (general preference, not offer)

3 Can I / Can you use your phone? (asking permission)

4 Would you like / Do you like some more tea? (offering)

UNIT 92 Relative clauses 1 who / that / which

Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which

Last week we had a party and a lot of people came. Everybody enjoyed it.

Everybody who came to the party enjoyed it.

relative clause

A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means.

A - who (for people)

The woman who lives next door to me is a doctor.

I don't like people who complain all the time.

Do you know anyone who wants to buy a car?

We also use that for people, but not which:
The woman that lives next door to me is a doctor.

B - that or which (for things)

I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.

Grace works for a company that makes furniture.

or ... a company which makes furniture.

that is more usual than which, but sometimes you must use which (see Unit 95).

C - who/that/which, not he/she/they/it

In relative clauses we use who/that/which, not he/she/they/it:

I met a Canadian woman. She is an English teacher. (2 sentences)

I met a Canadian woman who is an English teacher. (1 sentence)

D - what = the thing(s) that

What happened was my fault. (= the thing that happened)

Everything that happened was my fault. (not Everything what happened)

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.

REMEMBER

1 The man who / which called you is waiting outside.

2 Where's the cheese who / that was in the fridge?

3 The people who / which live next door are very noisy.

4 Everything that / what he said was true.

5 The car who / that broke down has been repaired.

What do these words mean? Choose from the box and write sentences with who.

APPLY

steals from a shop buys something from a shop pays rent to live somewhere breaks into a house to steal things doesn't tell the truth is not brave expects the worst to happen

Example: (an architect) An architect is someone who designs buildings.

2 (a customer)

3 (a burglar)

4 (a coward)

5 (a tenant)

6 (a shoplifter)

7 (a liar)

8 (a pessimist)

Complete the sentences. Choose from the box and use who/that/which.

APPLY

happened in the past runs away from home cannot be explained developed the theory of relativity can support life has stayed there were hanging on the wall

Example: Helen works for a company that makes furniture.

2 The movie is about a girl _____.

3 What happened to the pictures _____?

4 A mystery is something _____.

5 I've heard it's a good hotel, but I don't know anyone _____.

6 History is the study of things _____.

7 Albert Einstein was the scientist _____.

8 It seems that Earth is the only planet _____.

Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.

ANALYZE

Example: I don't like stories who have unhappy endings. -> stories that have

2 What was the name of the person who phoned?

3 Where's the nearest shop who sells bread?

4 Dan said some things about me they were not true.

5 The driver which caused the accident was fined $500.

6 Do you know the person that took these pictures?

7 We live in a world what is changing all the time.

8 Gary apologised for what he said.

9 What was the name of the horse what won the race?

Write your own definitions using who or that/which.

CREATE

1. A dictionary is a book that/which ...

2. A vegetarian is someone who ...

3. A passport is a document that/which ...

UNIT 93 Relative clauses 2 with and without who/that/which

Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which

A - who/that/which as SUBJECT - you cannot leave it out

The woman who lives next door to me is a doctor.

who (= the woman) is the subject of the verb "lives"

You must use who/that/which when it is the subject of the relative clause.

B - who/that/which as OBJECT - you can leave it out

The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.

who (= the woman) is the object - "I" is the subject

So you can say:

The woman I wanted to see was away. or The woman who I wanted to see was away.

C - Prepositions (to/in/for etc.) in relative clauses

Do you know the woman Tom is talking to?

The bed I slept in wasn't comfortable.

Note: the books you were looking for (not the books you were looking for them)

D - what and that

Everything (that) they said was true. (not Everything what they said)

What they said was true. (= The things that they said)

In some sentences you need who or that. Write it, or write OK if the sentence is already correct.

UNDERSTAND

Example: The woman lives next door is a doctor. -> The woman who lives next door ...

2 Did you find the keys you lost?

3 The people we met last night were very friendly.

4 The people work in the office are very friendly.

5 I like the people I work with.

6 What have you done with the money I gave you?

7 What happened to the money was on the table?

8 What's the worst film you've ever seen?

9 What's the best thing has ever happened to you?

These sentences all have a relative clause with a preposition. Put the words in the correct order.

APPLY

Example: (looking / for / you / the books / were)? -> Did you find the books you were looking for?

2 We couldn't go to (we / invited / to / were / the wedding).
We couldn't go to _____.

3 What's the name of (the hotel / about / me / told / you)?
What's the name of _____?

4 Unfortunately I didn't get (applied / I / the job / for).
Unfortunately I didn't get _____.

5 Did you enjoy (you / the concert / to / went)?
Did you enjoy _____?

6 Gary is a good person to know. He's (on / rely / can / somebody / you).
He's _____.

7 Who were (the people / with / were / you) in the restaurant yesterday?
Who were _____ in the restaurant yesterday?

Put in that or what where necessary. If the sentence is already complete, leave the space empty (write -).

ANALYZE

1 I gave her all the money _____ I had.

2 Did you hear _____ they said?

3 She gives her children everything _____ they want.

4 Tell me _____ you want and I'll try to get it for you.

5 Why do you blame me for everything _____ goes wrong?

6 I won't be able to do much, but I'll do _____ I can.

7 I won't be able to do much, but I'll do the best _____ I can.

8 I don't agree with _____ you said.

9 I don't trust him. I don't believe anything _____ he says.

UNIT 94 Relative clauses 3 whose / whom / where

Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where

A - whose (= his/her/their)

We helped some people whose car had broken down. (= their car)

A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (= her husband)

Compare who and whose:

I met a man who knows you. (he knows you)

I met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister knows you)

B - whom (formal, for object)

George is a person whom I admire very much. (= I admire him)

preposition + whom: to whom / from whom / with whom

Whom is formal. We usually prefer: a person who/that I admire a lot

C - where (for places)

I recently went back to the town where I grew up.

I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.

D - the day, the time, the reason ...

I can't meet you on Friday. That's the day I'm going away.

The reason I'm calling you is to ask your advice.

You can also say: The reason that/why I'm calling ...

Complete the sentences using who/whom/whose/where.

APPLY

1 We helped some people _____ car had broken down.

2 A cemetery is a place _____ people are buried.

3 A pacifist is a person _____ believes that all wars are wrong.

4 An orphan is a child _____ parents are dead.

5 What's the name of the hotel _____ your parents are staying?

6 This school is only for children _____ first language is not English.

7 The person from _____ I bought my car is a friend of my father's.

8 I live in a friendly village _____ everybody knows everybody else.

Use your own ideas to complete these sentences with where, whose, or time expressions (the day / the reason / the year).

CREATE

1. I can't meet you on Friday. That's the day ...

2. The reason _____ was that the salary was too low.

3. I'll never forget the time ...

4. _____ was the year ...

You met these people at a party. Complete the sentences using who or whose.

APPLY

Example: I met somebody whose mother writes detective stories.

2 I met a man _____.

3 I met a woman _____.

4 I met somebody _____.

5 I met a couple _____.

6 I met somebody _____.

UNIT 95 Relative clauses 4 Extra information clauses (1)

Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1)

Type 1 (no commas)

The woman who lives next door to me is a doctor.

Tells us which woman.

You can use that. You can leave out who/that/which when it's the object.

Type 2 (with commas)

My brother Ben, who lives in Hong Kong, is an architect.

Gives extra information.

You cannot use that. You cannot leave out who/which.

Key rules for Type 2 (extra information)

Use who for people and which for things.

You cannot use that: John, who speaks French... (not that speaks)

You cannot leave out who/which.

You can use whose and where in both types.

Are these sentences OK? Correct them (and put in commas) where necessary. If the sentence is correct, write OK.

ANALYZE

Example: Anna told me about her new job that she's enjoying very much.
-> Anna told me about her new job, which she's enjoying very much.

2 My office that is on the second floor is very small.

3 The office I'm using at the moment is very small.

4 Sarah's father that used to be in the army now works for a TV company.

5 The doctor that examined me couldn't find anything wrong.

6 The sun that is one of millions of stars in the universe provides us with heat and light.

Make one sentence from two. Use who or which with commas.

APPLY

Example: My brother lives in Hong Kong. He is an architect. -> My brother, who lives in Hong Kong, is an architect.

2 We stayed at the Park Hotel. A friend of ours recommended it.

3 We drove to the airport. It is 30 miles from the city centre.

4 Kate is very fond of animals. She has three cats and two dogs.

Complete the sentences with , which ... . Use the sentences in the box.

APPLY

this was very kind of him this made it difficult to sleep this meant I had to wait three hours this was a shame

2 Jack offered to help me _____ .

3 There was a lot of noise in the street _____ .

4 The flight was delayed _____ .

5 Sarah couldn't come to the party _____ .

UNIT 96 Relative clauses 5 Extra information clauses (2)

Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2)

A - preposition + whom/which

Mr Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is interested in our proposal.

Fortunately we had a good map, without which we would have got lost.

In spoken English, the preposition often comes after the verb:

Katherine told me she works for a company called 'Latoma', which I'd never heard of before.

B - all of / most of etc. + whom/which

Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married.

They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer.

In the same way: many of whom, some of whom, none of which, both of whom, one of which, neither of whom, two of which etc.

Also: the cause of which, the name of which etc.

C - which (referring to a whole situation)

Joe got the job, which surprised everybody. (= the fact that Joe got the job)

Sarah couldn't meet us, which was a shame.

We use which (not what) in this way.

Complete the sentences. Use a preposition + whom or which.

APPLY

after for in of to with without

2 The accident, _____ two people were injured, happened late last night.

3 I share an office with my boss, _____ I get on really well.

4 The wedding, _____ only family members were invited, was a lovely occasion.

5 Ben showed me his new car, _____ he's very proud.

6 Sarah showed us a picture of her son, _____ she's very proud.

7 Laura bought a very nice leather bag, _____ she paid twenty pounds.

8 We had lunch, _____ we went for a long walk.

Complete the sentences. Choose from the box and use which.

APPLY

This makes it hard to contact her. This means we can't go away tomorrow. This makes it difficult to sleep sometimes. This was very kind of her. This is good news. This meant I had to wait two hours at the airport. She apologised for this.

Example: Laura couldn't come to the party, which was a shame.

2 The street I live in is noisy at night, _____.

3 Kate let me stay at her house, _____.

4 Jane doesn't have a phone, _____.

5 Alex passed his exams, _____.

6 My flight was delayed, _____.

7 Our car has broken down, _____.

8 Amy was twenty minutes late, _____.

Use the information in the first sentence to complete the second one. Use all of / most of / none of / both of etc.

APPLY

Example: All of Helen's brothers are married. -> Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married.

2 Most of the information we were given was useless.
We were given a lot of information, _____.

3 None of the ten people who applied for the job was suitable.
Ten people applied for the job, _____.

4 My neighbours have two cars. They never use one of them.
My neighbours have two cars, _____.

5 James won a lot of money. He gave half of it to his parents.
James won a lot of money, _____.

6 Both of Julia's sisters are lawyers.
Julia has two sisters, _____.

UNIT 97 -ing and -ed clauses

-ing and -ed clauses

A - -ing clauses (active meaning)

Who is the woman talking to Tom? (the woman is talking to Tom)

Police investigating the crime are looking for three men. (police are investigating)

We can also use -ing for things that happen all the time:

The road connecting the two villages is very narrow. (the road connects)

B - -ed clauses (passive meaning)

The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (he was injured)

George showed me some pictures painted by his father. (they were painted)

The gun used in the robbery has been found. (the gun was used)

C - there is/was + -ing / -ed

There were some children swimming in the river.

Is there anybody waiting?

There was a big red car parked outside the house.

We've eaten nearly all the chocolates. There are only a few left.

Complete the sentence with an -ed clause. Choose from the box.

APPLY

damaged in the storm involved in the project made at the meeting stolen from the museum surrounded by trees

Example: The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital.

2 The paintings _____ haven't been found yet.

3 We've repaired the gate _____.

4 Most of the suggestions _____ were not practical.

5 Our friends live in a beautiful house _____.

6 Everybody _____ worked very well.

Complete the sentences. Use the following verbs in the correct form (-ing or past participle).

APPLY

blow call cause invite live offer read ring sit study work

Examples: I was woken up by a bell ringing. / George showed me some pictures painted by his father.

3 Some of the people _____ to the party can't come.

4 Somebody _____ Jack phoned while you were out.

5 Life must be very unpleasant for people _____ near busy airports.

6 A few days after the interview, I received an email _____ me the job.

7 The building was badly damaged in a fire _____ by an electrical fault.

8 Did you see the picture of the trees _____ down in the storm?

9 The waiting room was empty except for an old man _____ in the corner _____ a magazine.

10 Ian has a brother _____ in a bank in London and a sister _____ economics at university in Manchester.

Use the words in brackets to make sentences with There is / There was etc.

APPLY

Examples:
That house is empty. (nobody / live / in it) -> There's nobody living in it.
The accident wasn't serious. (nobody / injure) -> There was nobody injured.

3 I can hear footsteps. (somebody / come)

4 I've spent all the money I had. (nothing / leave)

5 The train was full. (a lot of people / travel)

6 We were the only guests at the hotel. (nobody else / stay there)

7 The piece of paper was blank. (nothing / write / on it)

8 The college offers English courses in the evening. (a course / begin / next Monday)

0 / 145 units completed

Placement Test

Study Guide - Find Your Weak Areas

Study Guide - Results

Present continuous (I am doing)

Unit 1 - Results

Present simple (I do)

Unit 2 - Results

Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and I do)

Unit 3 - Results

Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and I do)

Unit 4 - Results

Past simple (I did)

Unit 5 - Results

Past continuous (I was doing)

Unit 6 - Results

Present perfect 1 (I have done)

Unit 7 - Results

Present perfect 2 (I have done)

Unit 8 - Results

Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)

Unit 9 - Results

Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)

Unit 10 - Results

how long have you (been) ... ?

Unit 11 - Results

for and since / when ... ? and how long ... ?

Unit 12 - Results

Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and I did)

Unit 13 - Results

Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I did)

Unit 14 - Results

Past perfect (I had done)

Unit 15 - Results

Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)

Unit 16 - Results

have and have got

Unit 17 - Results

used to (do)

Unit 18 - Results

Present tenses (I am doing / I do) for the future

Unit 19 - Results

I'm going to (do)

Unit 20 - Results

will and shall 1

Unit 21 - Results

will and shall 2

Unit 22 - Results

I will and I'm going to

Unit 23 - Results

will be doing and will have done

Unit 24 - Results

when I do and when I've done / if and when

Unit 25 - Results

can, could and (be) able to

Unit 26 - Results

could (do) and could have (done)

Unit 27 - Results

must and can't

Unit 28 - Results

may and might 1

Unit 29 - Results

may and might 2

Unit 30 - Results

have to and must

Unit 31 - Results

must mustn't needn't

Unit 32 - Results

should 1

Unit 33 - Results

should 2

Unit 34 - Results

I'd better ... it's time ...

Unit 35 - Results

would

Unit 36 - Results

can/could/would you ... ? etc.

Unit 37 - Results

Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which

Unit 92 - Results